Regulation and Expression of Phytohormones for Root Architectural Trait Development in Rice: A Review
Prasanta Kumar Majhi *
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (O.U.A.T.), Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India.
Sarita Pradhan
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (O.U.A.T.), Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India.
Partha Pratim Behera
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India.
Ritik Digamber Bisane
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Prashant Kumar Sharma
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The root system architecture (RSA) in monocotyledonous plants like rice is consists of primary roots, lateral roots, seminal/crown roots, and root hairs. The soil nutrients also influence many physiological processes via various root parameters like root length, root diameter and root angle for growth and development. The variation in root system architecture in rice is influenced by the intrinsic factors (phytohormones, transcription factors) and extrinsic factors (light, temperature and moisture) and their collective effect. The phytohormones such as; auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and ethylene, and their mutual effects play vital role for root architectural trait development. Many genes/QTLs were identified in rice which are strong role player for root development. But the biochemical signaling pathways are not completely understood. The modern molecular tools like genome editing, sequencing and multi-omics (transcriptomics and proteomics) approaches and multi-disciplinary system biology studies can provide a better solution for this issue. To improve the sustainable food grain production under extreme environment, it is important to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanism of root development. Moreover, it is imperative to establish a resilient root system in rice cultivation in order to mitigate the overuse of chemical fertilizers, enhance nutrient efficiency, and improve climate resilience of the plant.
Keywords: Rice, hormonal signaling, root system architecture, QTLs, transcription factors