Use of Selected Chemical and Biological Insecticides to Control Lepidopteran Pests of Maize Fields in Central Côte d'Ivoire
Armand Nahoulé Adja *
Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, P.O. Box 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Appolinaire Bley Bley-Atse
Laboratory of Industrial Processes and Synthesis of the Environment and New Energies, École Doctorale Polytechnique, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire.
Eric-Olivier Tienebo
Laboratory of Phytopathology and Plant Biology, Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, P.O. Box 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Jean Ayékpa Gnago
Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, P.O. Box 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Mathias Danho
Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, P.O. Box 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Control of lepidopteran larvae, the main pests in maize fields, has become necessary since the appearance and spread of Spodoptera frugiperda. The study was carried out at the Institut National Polytechnique Houphouët-Boigny in Yamoussoukro (Central Côte d’Ivoire). The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of three chemical - Viper 46 EC (Acetamiprid 16 g/l and Indoxacarb 30 g/l), K-Optimal 35 EC (Lambdacyhalothrin 15 g/l and Acetamiprid 20 g/l) and Ampligo 150 ZC (Chlorantanlipol 100 g/l and Lambdacyhalothrin 50 g/l) - and one biological insecticide Bio-Elit (Azadirachtin, Salanin, Nimbin and Melandriol) on lepidopteran larvae in maize fields using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three repetitions. Data on insect identification, plant infestation, damage, and yield were collected. Insects’ identification was based on morphology using identification keys. Plant damage was assessed by visually estimating the plant health status (unattacked and attacked plants). Grain dry weight was used to estimate field yield. The encountered maize field insects belonged to 10 orders: Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, and Lepidoptera. Five lepidopteran pest larvae have been recorded. Three of them were classified as minor pests (Eldana saccharina, Ostrinia nubilalis, and Helicoverpa zea), one as important (Sesamia calamistis), and one as a major pest (Spodoptera frugiperda). On untreated plots, more than 76% of plants were moderately to heavily attacked. However, on treated plots, plants showed isolated to moderate attacks. Insecticide sprayings controlled pest populations, reduced damage, and increased yield. The yields obtained on untreated plots (2.26±0.21 t/ha) were lower than those on treated plots (3.29±0.11 to 3.60±0.09 t/ha). The yield increase rate ranged from 45.74 to 59.63%. The best control was recorded with Ampligo (59.63%) and Bio-Elit (50.83%) compared to Viper (49.41%) and K-Optimal (45.74%). Therefore, the alternating use of synthetic or biological insecticides, which are not very toxic for humans and the environment but are effective on insect pests, increases the effectiveness of the control and provides a positive response to the problem of pest resistance while protecting the environment.
Keywords: Lepidoptera, larvae, damage, insecticides, maize, Côte d’Ivoire
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