Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring the Attitude of farmers towards Climate Smart Agriculture
Rohit *
Department of Agricultural Extension, CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.), India.
Harish Chandra Singh
Department of Extension Education, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Etawah, India.
Mayank Singh
Department of Extension Education, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi (U.P.), India.
Kumari Asha
Department of Agricultural Extension, CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.), India.
Shani Kumar Singh
Department of Agricultural Extension, CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.), India.
Abhijeet
Department of Agricultural Extension, CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.), India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The measurement of attitudes is a critical endeavour in the realm of social and psychological research, enabling a deeper understanding of human behaviours, preferences, and beliefs. Constructing a reliable and valid scale to assess attitudes requires a systematic approach that encompasses various stages, such as conceptualization, item generation, scale refinement, pilot testing, psychometric analysis, and validation. A summated (Likert) rating scale was used to develop the scale. A total of 60 statements, consisting of 45 positive and 15 negative statements, were framed, of which 22 statements (19 positive and 3 negative) were retained in the final scale. The reliability of the scale was calculated by using the split-half method. The validity of the scale was tested by experts’ judgment. The psychometric properties of the scale include: the Pearson product-moment correlation between two sets was 0. 0.598; reliability of the test 0.748(P<0.01) and Cronbach = 0.759, which means the scale is consistent in measurement. This scale can be used to measure the attitude of students in similar situations outside the study area with suitable modifications.
Keywords: Attitude, climate-smart agriculture, agricultural practices, reliability
How to Cite
Downloads
References
OECD. Economic Survey of India; 2017.
Fischer EM, Knutti R. Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy precipitation and high-temperature extremes. Nature Climate Change. 2015 ;5:560–564.
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO; 2012.
FAO. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook Summary, 2nd ed. FAO, Rome; 2017.
IPCC. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems; 2019.
Campbell TP, Zougmore R, Van AP, Lipper L. Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2014;8:39–43.
FAO. Climate-smart agriculture case studies 2021 – Projects from around the world. Rome; 2021.
Likert R. A technique for measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology. 1932; 140:5-55.
Mukherjee A, Singh PK, Ray M, Satyapriya. Enhancing farmer’s income through farmers producers companies in India: Status and roadmap, Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2018;88(8):1151-1161.
Kerlinger FN. Foundations of Behavioural Research. 2nd edition. Hot, Rinehart and Winston; 1973.
Edwards AL. Techniques of Attitude scale construction. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Inc, New York; 1957.
Haladyna TM. A complete guide to student grading. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 1999.
DeVon HA, Block ME, Wright PM, Ernst MD, Hayden JS, Lazzara DJ, et al. A Psychometric Toolbox for Testing Validity and Reliability. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2007;39(2):155-164.
Brown W. Some experimental results in the correlation of mental abilities. British Journal of Psychology. 1910;3:296– 322.
Cronbach LJ. A case study of the split-half reliability coefficient. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1946;37(1):473:480.
Anastasi A. Psychology, psychologists, and psychological testing. American Psychologist. 1967;22:297-306
Messick S. The effectiveness of coaching for the SAT: Review and reanalysis of research from the fifties to the FTC. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service; 1980.
Singh M, Singh BK, Singh P, Burman RR. Development of Scale to Measure Attitude of Farmers towards IARI-Voluntary Organizations Partnership Extension Model: A Methodological Approach. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development. May-August, 2018;13(2):221-226.