International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Horticultural crops grown under protection are becoming more and more significant in modern agriculture, offering a number of benefits such as increased yields, better quality, and protection from pests and bad weather. This comprehensive review aims to demonstrate protected cultivation methods as they currently exist and explore their future applications in horticulture. The first part of the examination covers the many types of protected production structures, including high tunnels, shade houses, and greenhouses, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The significance of protected farming in tackling concerns associated with worldwide food security is further underscored by preserving crop productivity throughout the year and limiting dependence on seasonal variations. This review looks more closely at the effects of protected cultivation methods on the growth and development of horticultural crops. These methods include improved crop morphogenesis, precipitation control, and the optimisation of environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Furthermore, the utilisation of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming in protected growing systems is examined and its capacity to optimise crop yield while minimising resource consumption is emphasised. The difficulties and limitations associated with adopting protected cultivation are also examined in the study, including the need for artificial inputs, energy requirements, and financial considerations. It talks about environmentally friendly and sustainable ways to reduce these problems and preserve ecological balance, like switching to organic farming methods and using renewable energy sources. Future trends and developments in protected cultivation are covered in detail in the study's final section. These include the application of artificial intelligence, the adoption of smart farming technologies, and the employment of precision agriculture techniques. Higher yields and higher-quality horticultural crop output could be the outcome of these developments, which further optimise resource utilisation, improve automation, and better crop monitoring and management.