International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

The transition from fossil fuels to sustainable, low-carbon energy systems is a complex economic, technological, institutional, and policy challenge. This study provides a multidisciplinary review of the drivers and implementation conditions shaping the global green energy transition. Using a qualitative analytical design and thematic synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, international policy reports, and institutional data, the analysis is organised around five interrelated dimensions: policy and governance, modelling approaches, technological and financial innovation, implementation barriers, and future strategic priorities. The review indicates that stable regulatory frameworks, coherent governance, renewable energy targets, carbon pricing, stakeholder participation, and public-private cooperation can support deployment. Technological progress in solar photovoltaics, wind energy, battery storage, smart grids, digital systems, artificial intelligence, and green hydrogen is strengthened by financial instruments such as green bonds, climate finance, blended finance, and multilateral investment. However, progress remains constrained by supply-chain disruption, critical-mineral dependence, policy uncertainty, inadequate grid infrastructure, financing limitations, and weak institutional coordination. Energy-system modelling, econometric analysis, scenario planning, and artificial-intelligence-based forecasting improve the assessment of transition pathways and policy choices. The study concludes that successful implementation requires coordinated action across policy, technology, finance, institutions, infrastructure, and workforce development, with strategies adapted to national and regional contexts across sectors and regions.