Renewable Energy Consumption across Income Groups: A World Bank Data Analysis
E. Priyavadhana
*
Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, – 608002 Tamil Nadu, India.
R. Arunachalam
Department of Fisheries Extension, Economics and Statistics, Dr. M. G. R. FC&RI, Ponneri-601 204, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu, India.
T. Balakrishnan
Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, – 608002 Tamil Nadu, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Renewable energy consumption varies markedly across countries and may reflect differences in economic development and national energy structures. This study examines cross-country variation in renewable energy consumption across World Bank income groups using 2022 World Development Indicators data. Renewable energy consumption is measured as the share of total final energy consumption derived from renewable sources. Descriptive statistics are used to characterize central tendency, dispersion, and cross-country heterogeneity, while choropleth maps illustrate the spatial distribution of renewable energy consumption. Differences among income groups are assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s post-hoc comparisons with Bonferroni adjustment. The results show substantial heterogeneity in renewable energy consumption across countries and income groups. Low-income economies record the highest mean and median renewable energy shares, whereas high-income economies record comparatively lower shares. The Kruskal–Wallis test indicates statistically significant differences among income groups, and the post-hoc results show that several of the strongest contrasts involve high-income and low-income or lower-middle-income groups. The spatial analysis further illustrates uneven renewable energy consumption across geographic regions. These findings indicate that renewable energy reliance differs substantially across levels of economic development and should not be interpreted solely as evidence of modern energy transition. Policy responses should therefore distinguish between traditional and modern renewable energy use and account for differences in economic structure, institutional capacity, and national energy systems.
Keywords: Renewable energy consumption, World Bank data, Choropleth map, Income groups, Kruskal–Wallis test, Sustainable development